Job demands pertain to those physical, social, or organizational aspects of work that require employees to continuously put forth physical and psychological efforts, thus causing a burden to them.
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Hence, where appropriate in the following section, we measure drivers' emotional exhaustion and use emotional exhaustion to represent burnout. Among these three components, emotional exhaustion is the most representative one in related studies.
CTA BUS DRIVER SALARY PROFESSIONAL
Burnout is theoretically characterized by three components, including emotional exhaustion (i.e., the feeling of overwhelming emotions at work), depersonalization (i.e., detachment from others or indifference at work), and reduced professional efficacy (i.e., the tendency to evaluate one's efforts and achievement in a negative manner ). More specifically, “interpersonal demands at works that exceed the worker's resources” can create burnout. The consequences of exchanges between an organization and its employees can be both positive (e.g., engagement, organizational commitment, job satisfaction) from job resources and negative (e.g., burnout, turnover intentions) from job demands. In accordance with the job demand–resource (JD–R) model, job demands and job resources, two specific risk factors of every occupation, can explain employees' well-being.
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CTA BUS DRIVER SALARY DRIVERS
This article is thus motivated to obtain a deeper understanding of bus drivers' stress and the relationships between its antecedents and consequences to design health and wellness programs for governments, bus companies, and drivers alike.īurnout is a special type of psychological occupational stress resulting from a response to chronic exposure to work-related stressors. Hence, these work-related expectations and requirements increase bus drivers' workload and stress, subsequently leading to their job burnout and a negative impact on their well-being. Bus drivers must balance various requests from passengers and management, as well as follow traffic rules and regulations when they are on duty.
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Unlike professional truck drivers, bus drivers possess the job characteristics of emotional labor because they not only have to drive safely but also have to simultaneously deliver satisfactory customer service. The working environment and job characteristics of professional bus drivers make them vulnerable to specific health problems, leading many to retire earlier owing to disability. Bus drivers encounter considerable occupational stressors including traffic congestion, conflicts from passengers, rotating shift schedules, poor cabin ergonomics, and tight time schedules. Compared with other occupations, urban bus drivers work under conditions that are among the most demanding, stressful, and unhealthy conditions with higher rates of mortality and morbidity, as well as absenteeism and turnover, ,, ].